Creating a distressed or textured surface on metal sculptures adds depth, character, and a sense of history to the artwork. Artists employ various techniques to achieve these effects, each offering unique visual and tactile qualities.

1. Chemical Patinas: Applying acids or oxidizing solutions (like ferric chloride or liver of sulfur) creates controlled corrosion, producing rich colors and organic textures. Bronze and copper respond particularly well to patination.

2. Mechanical Abrasion: Sandblasting, wire brushing, or grinding exposes raw metal beneath the surface, mimicking natural wear. This technique works exceptionally well on steel and aluminum.

3. Heat Distressing: Torching metal with a propane or oxy-acetylene flame creates dramatic oxidation patterns and color variations, especially on steel and iron.

4. Saltwater Oxidation: Submerging steel in saltwater or vinegar accelerates rust formation, yielding an authentic aged appearance. Artists often seal the result with wax or lacquer.

5. Cold Connections: Hammering, chiseling, or stamping the metal surface introduces intentional dents and irregularities for a handcrafted, weathered look.

Each method can be combined for layered effects, allowing sculptors to create truly unique pieces that tell a visual story through texture and time.