Sculptors masterfully create the illusion of depth and layering in flat metal panels through a combination of techniques that manipulate light, shadow, and texture. One primary method is bas-relief, where artists carve or mold the metal to produce raised and recessed areas, giving a three-dimensional effect despite the panel's flatness.

Another approach involves hammering or chasing the metal to create varying levels of elevation, enhancing the perception of layers. Texturing tools are often used to add intricate details that catch light differently, further amplifying the sense of depth.

Additionally, sculptors may employ patinas or oxidization to introduce color gradients, which visually separate foreground from background. By strategically combining these methods, they transform flat sheets of metal into dynamic, multi-dimensional artworks that captivate viewers.