Sculptors transform flat metal surfaces into dynamic artworks by employing a variety of techniques to create texture and depth. One common method is chasing and repoussé, where the metal is hammered from both sides to produce raised and recessed designs. Engraving and etching are also popular, using sharp tools or acids to carve intricate patterns into the surface. For a more tactile effect, artists may use stippling or peening, where small dots or dimples are added to mimic natural textures. Additionally, welding and layering thin metal sheets can build up dimensional depth. Tools like chisels, punches, and specialized hammers allow for precise control, while heat treatments and patinas enhance visual contrast. By combining these methods, sculptors bring flat metal to life with rich, tactile surfaces that captivate viewers.