Carving is a foundational technique in sculpture, but the approach varies significantly between abstract and representational art. Representational carving focuses on depicting recognizable forms—people, animals, or objects—with an emphasis on accuracy, proportion, and realism. Artists working in this style often study anatomy or natural structures to achieve lifelike results.

Abstract carving, by contrast, prioritizes emotion, concept, or pure form over literal representation. Shapes may be exaggerated, simplified, or entirely non-figurative, allowing the artist to explore texture, negative space, and symbolic meaning. Tools and techniques might overlap, but abstract carvers frequently experiment with unconventional methods to achieve unique surfaces or forms.

Material choice also differs: representational works often use fine-grained materials like marble for detail, while abstract pieces may incorporate rough stone or found wood to emphasize raw expression. Ultimately, the distinction lies in intent—one seeks to mirror reality, while the other challenges perception.