Creating smooth, undulating surfaces in wood carvings requires a combination of skill, the right tools, and proper techniques. One of the most common methods is using gouges and chisels with varying sweeps to shape the wood gradually. Start with a rough-cut gouge to remove bulk material, then switch to finer tools to refine the curves.

Another technique involves sanding with progressively finer grits of sandpaper, often starting at 80 or 100 grit and working up to 400 or higher for a polished finish. For intricate undulations, rotary tools with flexible shafts can provide precision control.

Burnishing is also popular for achieving a smooth surface, where a hard object like polished bone or metal is rubbed against the wood to compress the fibers. Finally, applying a finish like oil or wax enhances the natural grain and smoothness of the carved surface. Mastering these techniques ensures beautifully flowing designs in wood carvings.