Authenticating porcelain sculptures with disputed or unclear origins requires a multifaceted approach combining expert knowledge, scientific analysis, and historical research. Here are the most effective methods:

1. Expert Visual Examination: Seasoned art appraisers can identify stylistic features, glaze techniques, and craftsmanship signatures unique to specific periods or artists. Subtle details like brushstrokes, kiln marks, and aging patterns often reveal authenticity.

2. Material and Pigment Analysis: Advanced techniques like X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or thermoluminescence (TL) testing analyze clay composition and glaze materials. Authentic pieces typically match known historical formulas, while forgeries may contain modern additives.

3. Provenance Research: Tracing ownership history through archives, auction records, and collector documentation helps establish legitimacy. Gaps or inconsistencies in provenance often raise red flags.

4. Comparative Studies: Matching disputed pieces to verified works from the same artist or era can highlight similarities or discrepancies in technique, materials, and design.

5. Consulting Specialized Databases: Platforms like the Art Loss Register or museum collections provide references for cross-verifying markings, signatures, and stylistic traits.

Combining these methods increases accuracy in authentication, especially for high-value or culturally significant porcelain sculptures. Always collaborate with accredited appraisers and laboratories for reliable results.