Creating freestanding metal sculptures requires more than artistic vision—it demands precise engineering to ensure stability. Artists calculate the center of gravity (CoG) to prevent toppling and maintain structural integrity. Here’s how they do it:

1. Material Distribution Analysis: Artists assess the weight and placement of each component, using sketches or 3D models to visualize mass distribution. Heavy elements are often positioned lower to lower the CoG.

2. Physical Prototyping: Small-scale models or armatures help test balance before full-scale construction. Adjustments are made iteratively to refine stability.

3. Mathematical Calculations: For complex designs, formulas like the weighted average method are applied. The CoG is determined by dividing the sum of moments (weight × distance) by the total weight.

4. Tool-Assisted Techniques: Plumb lines, laser levels, or digital software (e.g., CAD) pinpoint the CoG accurately. Some artists use suspension tests—hanging the sculpture to find its natural balance point.

5. Base Design: A broad or weighted base is often added to shift the CoG downward, enhancing stability without compromising aesthetics.

By blending art and physics, sculptors ensure their metal creations stand tall and safe, defying gravity while captivating viewers.