Artists employ a variety of innovative techniques to create the illusion of transparency or perforation in solid metal sculptures, transforming rigid materials into seemingly delicate forms. One common method is laser cutting, which allows for precise removal of sections to produce intricate patterns or openwork designs. Forge welding and hand-chiseling are traditional approaches where artists manually carve out sections, often requiring immense skill to maintain structural integrity. Another approach involves layering thin metal sheets with strategic gaps, creating depth and the appearance of translucency when viewed from certain angles. Contemporary sculptors also experiment with acid etching or electrochemical machining to dissolve selective areas of the metal. The choice of metal plays a crucial role, with materials like stainless steel, bronze, or corten steel offering different visual effects and weathering properties. Advanced techniques may combine digital design with CNC machining for complex geometric perforations that would be impossible to achieve by hand. These methods not only challenge perceptions of metal's density but also play with light and shadow, turning solid sculptures into dynamic pieces that change with the viewer's perspective.