The selection of wood species plays a pivotal role in both the longevity and aesthetic quality of finished sculptures. Hardwoods like oak, walnut, and mahogany offer exceptional durability due to their dense cellular structure, making them ideal for outdoor sculptures that must withstand weathering. These species typically feature rich, deep colors and prominent grain patterns that add visual interest but may require more effort to carve.

Softwoods such as pine, basswood, and cedar carve more easily but may dent or wear faster over time. Their lighter tones and subtler grain patterns create different artistic effects, often preferred for delicate indoor pieces. Exotic woods like ebony or purpleheart introduce unique color variations but may present carving challenges due to extreme hardness.

Wood characteristics significantly influence finishing techniques. Open-grained woods like ash absorb stains unevenly, while tight-grained maple provides smooth, consistent coloration. The wood's natural oils affect polish absorption, and some species like teak naturally resist insects and decay. Understanding these properties allows artists to match wood characteristics with their creative vision and the sculpture's intended environment for optimal results.