Authenticating porcelain sculptures with unclear or disputed origins requires a multifaceted approach to ensure accuracy. Here are the most effective methods:

1. Expert Examination: Consult specialists in porcelain art who can identify stylistic nuances, glaze techniques, and period-specific craftsmanship. Their trained eye often detects inconsistencies in workmanship or materials.

2. Provenance Research: Trace the sculpture’s ownership history through records, invoices, or exhibition catalogs. A well-documented lineage significantly strengthens attribution claims.

3. Scientific Testing: Techniques like thermoluminescence (TL) dating, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and microscopic analysis can verify age, material composition, and manufacturing methods, ruling out modern reproductions.

4. Comparative Analysis: Compare the piece with verified works from the same artist or era. Matching unique marks, glaze patterns, or kiln effects can support authenticity.

5. Consult Scholarly Resources: Reference academic publications, museum collections, or auction archives to cross-check details like signatures, motifs, or production techniques.

By combining these strategies, collectors and appraisers can resolve ambiguities and confidently attribute porcelain sculptures to their rightful creators or periods. Always prioritize collaboration with reputable institutions to avoid misjudgments.