Determining the provenance of a porcelain sculpture involves a meticulous evaluation of multiple factors to authenticate its origin, age, and historical significance. The most critical elements include:

1. Materials and Composition: The type of clay, glaze, and pigments used can reveal the geographical origin and era of production. Scientific analysis, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), helps identify unique mineral signatures.

2. Craftsmanship and Techniques: Handmade marks, tooling patterns, and firing methods reflect the artisan's skills and regional traditions. Imperfections like kiln marks or uneven glazing often indicate authenticity.

3. Historical Context and Documentation: Provenance is strengthened by records, ownership history, or inscriptions linking the piece to a specific dynasty, workshop, or collector.

4. Style and Aesthetic Features: Decorative motifs, shapes, and artistic styles align with known periods or cultural movements, such as Ming blue-and-white or Qing famille rose porcelain.

5. Expert Authentication: Reputable appraisers and advanced technologies like thermoluminescence (TL) dating provide objective validation of age and origin.

By combining these factors, collectors and scholars can confidently trace the journey of a porcelain sculpture through time.