Thermal expansion is a common challenge in large metal installations, where temperature fluctuations can cause significant structural stress and damage. To mitigate these risks, several effective methods can be employed.

1. Use of Expansion Joints: Metal expansion joints are designed to absorb thermal movement, reducing stress on the structure. These joints allow the metal to expand and contract without causing deformation or cracks.

2. Proper Material Selection: Choosing metals with lower coefficients of thermal expansion, such as stainless steel or Invar, can minimize the effects of temperature changes.

3. Temperature Control: Implementing insulation or cooling systems helps maintain a stable temperature, reducing the range of expansion and contraction.

4. Pre-Engineering for Expansion: During design, engineers should account for thermal movement by incorporating gaps or flexible connections to accommodate expansion.

5. Regular Maintenance: Inspecting and maintaining metal installations ensures early detection of stress points or wear, preventing long-term damage.

By combining these strategies, large metal installations can withstand thermal expansion and maintain structural integrity over time.