Untreated steel sculptures are particularly vulnerable to rust, especially when exposed to moisture and outdoor elements. However, there are several effective strategies to protect these artworks and extend their lifespan.

1. Apply Protective Coatings: Using wax, oil, or specialized rust-inhibiting sprays creates a barrier against moisture. Regular reapplication is key, especially for outdoor sculptures.

2. Control the Environment: Place sculptures in dry, covered areas when possible. For permanent outdoor installations, ensure proper drainage to avoid water pooling.

3. Use Galvanic Protection: Attaching sacrificial anodes (like zinc) to the steel can divert corrosion away from the sculpture itself through electrochemical processes.

4. Regular Cleaning: Gently remove dirt, salt, and pollutants with a soft brush and mild detergent. This prevents corrosive materials from accumulating on the surface.

5. Create Air Circulation: For indoor displays, use fans or dehumidifiers to reduce humidity levels around the metal artwork.

6. Elevate the Sculpture: Keeping the piece off direct ground contact prevents moisture absorption and reduces rust risk at the base.

7. Inspect Frequently: Check for early signs of rust (discoloration or pitting) and address them immediately with targeted treatments.

Remember that complete rust prevention may not be possible, but these methods can significantly slow the process while preserving the sculpture's aesthetic appeal. The approach should be tailored to the sculpture's location, size, and exposure conditions.