Determining the authenticity of a hand-carved wooden sculpture requires a keen eye for detail and an understanding of traditional craftsmanship. Here are key factors to consider:

1. Wood Grain and Texture: Genuine hand-carved pieces display natural wood grain patterns and slight irregularities, while mass-produced items often have uniform textures.

2. Tool Marks: Authentic carvings show subtle chisel or knife marks, especially in intricate areas. Machine-made replicas lack these organic imperfections.

3. Weight and Density: Hand-carved sculptures feel solid and balanced, reflecting the wood's natural density. Cheap imitations may use lightweight or composite materials.

4. Artisan Techniques: Look for signs of skilled craftsmanship, such as layered detailing or unique stylistic touches that machines cannot replicate.

5. Aging and Patina: Authentic older pieces develop a natural patina over time, while fake antiquities often have artificially applied wear.

By examining these elements, you can confidently distinguish genuine hand-carved wooden sculptures from mass-produced copies.