When evaluating the authenticity of tribal wood carvings, several critical factors come into play. First and foremost, examine the wood type - genuine tribal carvings typically use locally sourced, traditional materials that age naturally. The patina should show organic wear patterns consistent with the item's purported age.

Craftsmanship reveals important clues. Authentic pieces display tool marks characteristic of traditional carving methods, not machine precision. Look for variations in depth and angle that indicate handwork. The carving style should align with specific tribal aesthetics - study regional patterns, proportions, and symbolic elements.

Provenance documentation significantly enhances authenticity claims. Reputable dealers provide certificates or historical records tracing the item's origin. Beware of pieces with vague "African" or "Native American" attributions without specific tribal identification.

Cultural accuracy matters. Authentic carvings reflect genuine ceremonial or functional purposes within their originating culture, not tourist-oriented stereotypes. The subject matter should correspond to documented tribal traditions.

Finally, consult experts when possible. Professional appraisers familiar with indigenous art can detect modern reproductions through microscopic wood analysis, pigment testing, and stylistic evaluation. Remember that truly authentic tribal carvings represent cultural heritage, not just decorative objects.