Authenticating unsigned or unmarked porcelain sculptures can be challenging, but several reliable methods can help determine their origin and value. First, consult an expert or appraiser specializing in ceramics, as their trained eye can identify subtle details like glaze, craftsmanship, and stylistic cues. Scientific testing, such as thermoluminescence (TL) or X-ray fluorescence (XRF), can analyze the material composition and age of the piece. Historical research into manufacturing techniques and regional kiln marks may also provide clues. Additionally, comparing the sculpture to documented works from known artists or periods can reveal similarities. Finally, examining wear patterns, repairs, and patina can indicate authenticity, as modern reproductions often lack natural aging signs. Combining these approaches increases the accuracy of authentication.